PPC for Cybersecurity: How to Do It Right

Antoaneta Grigorova
July 18, 2024
PPC

In the digital age, cybersecurity firms face an unprecedented challenge: standing out in a saturated marketplace. Pay-Per-Click (PPC) advertising offers a beacon of hope, promising immediate visibility amongst a sea of competitors. But how does one navigate the complexities of PPC to lock in on success?

PPC, a dynamic tool in online advertising, operates on a simple premise: you pay only when someone clicks on your ad. For cybersecurity companies, this model can translate into high-precision targeting and the ability to quickly adjust to market trends. Yet, harnessing its full potential requires insight and strategy.

Embarking on a journey through the landscapes of digital marketing, this article is a blueprint for cybersecurity firms aiming to master the art of PPC. From setting up campaigns that resonate with the right audience to choosing the ideal advertising platform and optimizing for ROI, we delve into techniques that can fortify a brand's digital presence.

What is PPC?

Pay-per-click (PPC) is a fundamental digital marketing model that's rooted in the concept of paying for the potential customer's attention. It stands apart from traditional organic traffic strategies by allowing advertisers to bid on the chance to have their adverts displayed when specific keywords are searched or certain demographics are met. Essentially, every click on an ad is a paid interaction, directing traffic to the advertiser’s site more efficiently.

Cybersecurity companies, therefore, employ PPC to reach a targeted audience actively seeking security solutions. By using precise keywords and crafting their campaigns to appear to a well-defined target market, they can efficiently allocate marketing budget and potentially increase their conversion rate.

PPC demonstrates a blend of strategic financial investment and audience targeting. When executed correctly, PPC can lead to significant business growth by driving relevant traffic to a cybersecurity company's digital doorstep.

Benefits of PPC for Cybersecurity

PPC advertising offers numerous benefits for cybersecurity firms looking to connect with their ideal customer base.

Increased Visibility in Search Engines

The complementary nature of PPC with other marketing strategies like social media marketing, email marketing, and content marketing means that it can be used to readily fill marketing gaps. Visibility in search engines is paramount to attract potential customers to any cybersecurity company. PPC advertising plays a critical role in increasing this visibility, complementing organic efforts and ensuring that a cybersecurity firm appears at the forefront of search results. The use of targeted keywords pertinent to cybersecurity allows companies to engage with users actively seeking solutions to their cybersecurity challenges.

Targeted Reach to Cybersecurity Customers

Cybersecurity firms must show that they understand their customers' unique challenges. Customized marketing campaigns convey empathy and knowledge, creating meaningful engagement with high-value leads. Personalized messaging that highlights solutions to specific cybersecurity pain points resonates deeply with a target audience, laying the groundwork for trust and long-term relationships.

PPC advertising is instrumental in this regard, affording cybersecurity firms the opportunity to tailor their advertisements to address individual and specific cybersecurity concerns. Ad personalization not only elevates the effectiveness of marketing strategies but also improves the overall customer experience, fostering higher engagement and improving conversion rates.

When cybersecurity companies leverage PPC to convey tailored messages, they can more effectively draw the attention of their target market, cut through the online noise, and direct potential customers to their offerings. The immediacy and relevance of PPC ads enhance the likelihood of those prospective clients taking the desired action, such as signing up for more information or scheduling a consultation, thereby driving business growth.

Immediate Results and ROI

The fast-paced nature of digital marketing requires strategies that can yield immediate results, and PPC advertising does just that for cybersecurity companies. This marketing model offers instantaneous visibility and facilitates immediate engagement with potential customers, speeding up the process of reaching and converting the target audience. PPC enables cybersecurity ads to be shown to individuals who are the most likely to be interested in and act upon the services offered, thus boosting the likelihood of conversions.

PPC is a powerful lever for generating qualified leads and increasing the potential for returns on advertising spend. This translates to a more efficient use of the marketing budget, with the ability for cybersecurity companies to attain short-term goals rapidly and optimize their strategies for greater impact.

Control Over Marketing Budget

Cost control is a vital part of managing a healthy cybersecurity business, and PPC offers unprecedented control over marketing expenditure. By enabling firms to pay only when a user clicks through to their website, PPC aligns marketing costs directly with tangible results. This direct correlation aids in accurate ROI calculations and budgeting accuracy.

Effective cost control in PPC marketing allows cybersecurity companies to aim for lower costs per click whilst seeking to acquire prime ad positions for high-quality ads. By actively managing bid strategies and ad quality, a firm can enhance its visibility without overspending. PPC provides a flexible cost structure where businesses can set daily limits, decide bid amounts per keyword, and choose where and when their ads will appear.

In summary, PPC advertising's clear benefits in terms of target precision, spending control, and rapid impact make it a cornerstone of modern digital marketing strategies for cybersecurity firms, offering a straightforward way to connect with potential customers and achieve a robust business growth trajectory.

Setting Up a Successful PPC Campaign for Cybersecurity

In setting up a successful PPC campaign for cybersecurity, precision targeting takes center stage. To cut through the digital clamor and connect with prospective clients, cybersecurity companies must tailor their advertisements to reflect various factors including demographics, location, interests, and—most critically—search keywords. Keywords should be reflective of the audience's search intent, whether they are searching for immediate cybersecurity solutions or conducting broader research on cyber threats.

The synergy between PPC, SEO, and content marketing can create a well-rounded visibility strategy, allowing companies to identify and fill gaps rapidly. For example, when a new cyber threat makes headlines, a well-crafted PPC campaign can quickly highlight a firm's expertise and solutions in dealing with that specific threat.

Implementing diverse call-to-action (CTA) elements on landing pages will not only prompt user engagement but can also contribute significantly to higher conversion rates and lower customer acquisition costs. IT is essential to A/B split test these CTAs, along with other ad elements, to continually tweak and improve campaign performance based on solid data.

Moreover, staying attuned to the competitive landscape is crucial. Using tools such as SpyFu or SEMrush, cybersecurity companies can gain insights into competitors' PPC strategies, helping to refine their own campaigns based on learned industry best practices.

A successful PPC campaign, therefore, hinges on strategic ad customization, rigorous testing, precise targeting, and continual optimization to stand out in the specialized cybersecurity market.

Defining Your Target Audience

Defining the target audience is a pivotal step in cybersecurity marketing. It involves a comprehensive analysis of Big Data to glean insights into customer behaviors and market trends. This data-driven approach enables cybersecurity companies to construct targeted campaigns that resonate deeply with the audience's unique needs and concerns.

Specialized cybersecurity marketing agencies possess an acute understanding of technical jargon and industry specifics, which makes them adept at crafting marketing messages that strike a chord with knowledgeable audiences. These agencies can steer campaigns to address granular issues such as industry-specific cyber threats, appealing directly to the needs of the target audience.

Segmentation boosts the efficacy of marketing efforts. By dividing email lists according to industry, job role, or user interaction history, cybersecurity firms can tailor their messaging, thereby escalating user engagement. Ultimately, a brand's trust and expertise become paramount. Establishing this reputation in a sea of competitors is a long game that is essential for capturing and nurturing leads within the cybersecurity industry.

Conducting Keyword Research

An integral part of any PPC campaign is conducting robust keyword research. For cybersecurity companies, it’s about identifying the specific terms that potential clients use when seeking services or information related to cybersecurity.

Effective keyword research ensures that ads appear at the most opportune moments—when potential customers are in search of related services, thereby increasing the chances of ad clicks leading to conversions. To this end, campaigns should incorporate a mix of broad and specific keywords, targeting users at various stages of the customer journey, from awareness to decision-making.

Using specialized tools and platforms, one can uncover a wealth of keyword data, allowing for the crafting of ad strategies that sync with real-time search behavior. Thus, comprehensive keyword research provides a strategic roadmap for cybersecurity businesses to enhance visibility and solicit engagement from highly interested prospects.

Creating Compelling Ad Copy

Creating compelling ad copy for cybersecurity PPC advertising is a delicate balance between persuasion and compliance. Ad copywriters must navigate platform restrictions, such as that of Google Ads or Facebook Ads, crafting messages that are compelling but not violative of regulatory standards. They must avoid making absolute security assurances or espousing affiliations with official entities which can mislead users and violate policies.

Moreover, leveraging persuasive copywriting techniques that emphasize benefits and solutions without fearmongering is a tightrope walk in the cybersecurity arena. Ad texts should be clear, engaging, and informative, gently guiding users to take the desired action, while staying within the confines of platform-specific ad policies to avoid penalization or ad rejection.

In short, a cybersecurity company's PPC ad copy should resonate with the target audience ardently, yet respect the boundaries set by advertising platforms.

Optimizing Landing Pages

Landing pages are pivotal in converting PPC traffic into actionable results. They are the digital showroom for a cybersecurity company’s expertise and offerings. Thus, the design, content, and functionality of these pages must be thoughtfully aligned to provide an informative, user-friendly, and reassuring experience.

Best practices include a strong alignment between ad copy and landing page content to maintain consistency and relevance. The visual appeal should be professional and reflect the cybersecurity brand, while page navigation should be intuitive and straightforward. Trust elements like certifications, testimonials, and case studies add credibility, crucial in the cybersecurity context.

Functionality considerations should prioritize a seamless user experience, ensuring that elements − whether forms, buttons, or chatbots − contribute positively to the engagement process without causing slowdowns.

Setting Up Conversion Tracking

Conversion tracking is the compass that guides the optimization of PPC campaigns for cybersecurity. It allows companies to see exactly which ads, keywords, and campaigns are leading to valuable customer actions such as form submissions, purchases, or service inquiries.

Utilizing conversion tracking, cybersecurity marketers can determine the ROI of their advertising spend, identifying strengths to capitalize on and weaknesses to address. This data-rich feedback loop empowers companies to allocate funds effectively, enhancing the impact of their advertising efforts.

By setting up comprehensive conversion tracking, every element of the PPC campaign becomes quantifiable, underpinning a culture of continuous improvement and strategic refinement in cybersecurity marketing.

In conclusion, setting up a successful PPC campaign in cybersecurity entails a strategic, data-driven approach that encompasses understanding and targeting the right audience, crafting compliant yet compelling ad copy, designing optimized landing pages, and establishing robust conversion tracking. These are the key pillars that support and amplify the potential of PPC advertising to achieve business growth and secure market positioning for cybersecurity firms.

Choosing the Right PPC Advertising Platform for Cybersecurity

When selecting the right PPC advertising platform for a cybersecurity firm, it's important to consider where potential clients spend their time and how they seek out cybersecurity solutions. Each platform has its strengths and offers unique targeting options that can enhance campaign performance. Let's explore some of the most effective platforms for cybersecurity PPC.

Google Ads

Google Ads is often the go-to platform for PPC advertising due to its vast reach and comprehensive targeting capabilities. Cybersecurity firms can gain immediate visibility and appear above organic search results, which is critical for attracting target customers who are actively searching for cybersecurity solutions. However, companies must adhere to Google's strict policies, ensuring that their ad copy does not guarantee absolute security or use fear-based tactics. By harnessing the power of Google Ads and working with experienced paid search agencies, cybersecurity companies can effectively place themselves at the forefront when potential clients search for related topics.

Bing Ads

Although sometimes overshadowed by Google, Bing Ads offers valuable opportunities for cybersecurity PPC campaigns. It's a powerful tool for monitoring and optimizing campaign performance. With capabilities for measuring ROI and adjusting bids and keywords, Bing Ads allows marketers to refine their strategies based on data-driven insights. Its user base might be less extensive than Google's, but it can be more cost-effective and reach audiences less targeted by competitors, potentially leading to better conversions for cybersecurity businesses.

LinkedIn Ads

For B2B cybersecurity companies, LinkedIn Ads can be a goldmine. Offering over 200 targeting options, LinkedIn allows for precise campaigns aimed at professionals, job titles, and industries closely related to cybersecurity needs. Ads on this platform can enhance a firm's network and elevate brand credibility, tapping into a pool of professionals who may require cybersecurity solutions. Establishing a compelling company presence through LinkedIn's sophisticated targeting can effectively position a cybersecurity firm as a thought leader and trusted provider in the industry.

Facebook Ads

Although its targeting policies have become more stringent, Facebook Ads remains a vital marketing tool for cybersecurity firms. A meticulous approach to ad copy, aligned with the platform's requirements, can help avoid rejections due to policy violations. By leveraging this social media giant, cybersecurity marketers can engage with diverse audiences, offering educational content, insights, and building brand loyalty. Through Facebook Ads, firms can craft a comprehensive social media marketing strategy to funnel leads to their digital touchpoints, enhancing overall brand presence.

Twitter Ads

Twitter Ads should not be overlooked by cybersecurity companies, especially when aiming to amplify their reach in the B2B market. The platform's real-time nature allows for timely, engaging, and targeted advertising that can be highly effective for announcing new solutions or industry insights. Twitter's ad formats cater well to conversion optimization strategies as firms can convey their messages succinctly and motivate actions with concise, yet powerful ad copy.

Other Platforms to Consider

When expanding beyond the standard options, cybersecurity companies can consider other social media channels to support their PPC efforts. Platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, or industry-specific forums can offer unique opportunities to present different facets of the brand and engage with niche communities. A consistent and synchronized message across these platforms not only enhances visibility but also reinforces trust and long-term relationships with potential customers.

Remember, the choice of platform should align with your business goals, target audience, and where your potential customers are most likely to spend their time. Each platform can offer unique benefits and it's important to leverage the right mix to maximize campaign effectiveness and optimize your marketing budget for business growth.

Maximizing Performance and ROI in Your Cybersecurity PPC Campaign

To maximize performance and ROI in your cybersecurity PPC campaign, it's essential to deliver precise and compelling advertising to your target audience. By leveraging targeted demographics, locations, and interests, you can ensure that your ads reach individuals who are most likely to be interested in cybersecurity solutions, thereby enhancing conversion rates. It's important to also integrate PPC with SEO and content marketing efforts to create a synergistic marketing approach. Immediate visibility provided by PPC can bolster specific areas or services in your business that may need a spotlight.

Crafting compelling ad copy is king in the realm of cybersecurity PPC campaigns. Highlight your unique selling propositions — such as compliance expertise, advanced threat detection systems, robust data encryption, or swift incident response — to differentiate your services. This could be the tipping point influencing potential clients to choose your company over a competitor.

Furthermore, utilizing both gated and ungated content within your PPC campaigns can educate your target audience about these unique selling points and what differentiates your company in the market. While gated content captures lead information, ungated content freely educates and engages, thus nurturing client relationships.

Lastly, many businesses can benefit from the expertise of a specialized cybersecurity marketing agency. These agencies bring precision advertising capabilities, directly targeting potential clients with controlled, measurable reach, ensuring optimal return on investment. They possess the knowledge and tools to strategize and execute PPC campaigns that align closely with your business goals.

Continuous Monitoring and Optimization

For a cybersecurity PPC campaign to succeed, continuous monitoring and iterative optimization of the strategy is vital. This involves refining your ad copy, adjusting bidding strategies, and being open to experimenting with different ad formats and platforms. PPC campaigns offer the flexibility to scale as needed, enabling you to increase or decrease spending in response to campaign performance and market changes. This adaptability ensures optimal budget usage.

Key metrics must be observed closely. These include click-through rates (CTR), conversion rates, and return on ad spend (ROAS). By tracking these metrics, you can make informed decisions to optimize the campaigns. Successful campaigns also require the ongoing optimization efforts of your marketing team to ensure the highest possible ROI.

Specialized cybersecurity marketing agencies excel at managing these continuous optimization efforts, utilizing their expertise to navigate the PPC landscape and adjust strategies on the fly to meet performance benchmarks.

A/B Testing Ads and Landing Pages

The employment of A/B testing is a fundamental approach to optimizing cybersecurity PPC ad campaigns. By testing different versions of ads and landing pages, you can determine what resonates best with your target audience. Tools such as Google Optimize, Optimizely, and VWO offer the ability to tweak headlines, copy, images, and call-to-action buttons, among other things.

Employing A/B testing tools can lead to an improved user experience, which is often associated with increased conversion rates and reduced bounce rates. A/B testing gives cybersecurity firms the power to refine their PPC strategies effectively by garnering actionable insights from the comparative performance of various ad and landing page configurations.

Leveraging Remarketing Strategies

Remarketing is the sophisticated tactic of re-engaging with users who showed interest in your product or service but did not convert on their first visit. This strategy increases the chances of conversion by targeting a warm audience familiar with your offering. Remarketing campaigns must be optimized for keywords, ad copy, and landing page performance to be successful.

A cybersecurity startup, for instance, might deploy remarketing in their security PPC campaigns to re-capture and convert leads who are already aware of their brand. Using A/B testing in conjunction with remarketing endeavors enables businesses to pinpoint the most effective ads and funnel structures, thereby optimizing conversion rates and overall campaign efficacy.

Implementing Conversion Rate Optimization Techniques

The concept of conversion rate optimization (CRO) is critical in PPC campaigns for cybersecurity businesses. Conversion rates in this sector tend to fluctuate between 0.5% to 3%. Implementing CRO techniques like featuring social proof, such as testimonials and credible reviews, can foster trust and potentially boost conversion rates. Simplifying and shortening forms on landing pages can also uplift conversion rates by easing the way for the user to become a customer.

Further refinement of landing page elements can be achieved with tools such as Google Optimize, which can have a pronounced impact on improving conversion rates and thus, the overall ROI of the campaign. It's also imperative to keep an eye on the Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC), which can range broadly based on conversion success and ad spend efficiency.

Tracking and Analyzing Campaign Performance

Accurate tracking and analysis are indispensable for the lifecycle of any PPC campaign. Utilizing tools like Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager, Google Data Studio, Tableau, or Power BI will serve as a compass pointing towards areas of opportunity and growth in your campaign. These tools provide myriad analytics, such as the number of ad impressions, click rates, conversion metrics, costs per click or conversion, and overall return on ad spend.

By defining clear goals and KPIs for each campaign and ad set, cybersecurity firms can meticulously measure success and ROI. Conversion tracking is critical and is generally done by placing a code snippet on the intended conversion page to monitor and understand user actions post-ad click. The insights gathered from a comprehensive tracking setup enable marketers to visualize campaign data precisely, analyze it thoroughly, and tweak strategies to reach the zenith of campaign performance in cybersecurity marketing.

Best Practices for Cybersecurity PPC Advertising

Use Specific and Relevant Keywords

In the world of PPC, the keywords you select are your currency. They decided where and when your adverts are displayed. Success in PPC for cybersecurity is hinged on choosing the right keywords and match types to engage potential customers who are searching for related services. Keywords that miss the mark can lead to excessive costs and travel in low-quality traffic territory.

A sophisticated PPC strategy zeroes in on keywords with high commercial intent and relevance to security solutions, driving conversions from individuals actively looking to protect against cyber threats. The true art lies in striking a balance: selecting keywords that are specific enough to attract the right audience but not so competitive that they drain your marketing budget without delivering the expected ROI.

Table 1: Keyword Selection Criteria

CriteriaDescriptionImportanceRelevanceKeywords must be closely related to cybersecurity services offered.Attracts quality leads.CompetitionBalance high-competition keywords with more specific, lower-competition alternatives.Manages ad spend.Commercial IntentPrioritize keywords that signal a readiness to purchase or a high level of interest in cybersecurity services.Increases likelihood of conversion.

By deploying the right set of keywords, cybersecurity companies can effectively gate their digital advertising to the users who matter most to their business goals.

Utilize Ad Extensions Effectively

To maximize the potential of PPC ads, cybersecurity companies should harness the power of ad extensions. These additional pieces of information not only round out the details of what a business offers but also drive user engagement and actions through enhanced visibility.

From site links that direct potential customers to specific pages, to callouts that highlight unique selling points, each ad extension serves to enrich the user experience with valuable information that could seal the deal. Structured snippets provide a snapshot of services on offer, while reviews can instantly boost credibility, and location extensions put a real-world presence behind the digital interface.

Benefits of Utilizing Ad Extensions:

  • Higher click-through rates, potentially increasing ad conversion.
  • More data for users to make informed decisions quickly.
  • Improved quality score that can lead to better ad positioning at a lower cost.
  • Enhanced credibility and relevance through the provision of additional information.

Employing ad extensions is not just about quantity but strategic placement, ensuring each additional piece of data aids in attracting the most qualified leads to your cybersecurity solutions.

Implement Negative Keywords to Filter Irrelevant Traffic

While attracting the right audience is critical, equally important is deterring the wrong crowd. This is where negative keywords come into play, serving as the gatekeepers to ensure that PPC ads are not squandering budget intercepting errant search queries.

By crafting a well-thought-out list of negative keywords, cybersecurity companies can fine-tune their campaigns to dissuade traffic that holds no promise of conversion. This strategic exclusion helps maintain a robust quality score by aligning ad views with genuine interest, thus concentrating expenditure on prospects who truly resonate with the cybersecurity message.

Maintaining the precision of PPC targeting necessitates a proactive stance on negative keywords:

  • Periodic reviews and updates to the negative keyword list based on campaign data.
  • Evaluating search term reports to identify irrelevant terms.
  • Adjusting negative keywords at both the campaign and ad group level for tailored refinement.

In summary, negative keywords are an essential aspect of PPC campaign hygiene, keeping the pathway to your cybersecurity services clear of unhelpful foot traffic and ensuring that every dollar spent is a step toward a potential engagement. Set a Clear Budget and Bidding Strategy

PPC advertising requires careful budgeting and bidding to optimize your cybersecurity campaign. By setting a clear budget, you can allocate your resources effectively and avoid overspending. Consider factors such as the competitiveness of keywords in the cybersecurity industry and your overall marketing goals when determining your budget.

Additionally, a smart bidding strategy is crucial for achieving optimal results. You can choose from various bidding options, such as manual bidding or automated bidding tools offered by search engine platforms. Experiment with different bidding strategies to find the one that delivers the best return on investment for your cybersecurity ads.

Leverage Ad Copy that Addresses Cybersecurity Pain Points

One of the keys to successful PPC advertising is crafting compelling ad copy that resonates with your target audience. In the cybersecurity field, it's essential to address the pain points and concerns of potential customers.

Highlight the unique features and benefits of your cybersecurity solutions in your ad copy. Emphasize factors such as data protection, threat detection, and prevention to capture the attention of users who are actively seeking solutions to their cybersecurity challenges. Use strong calls to action (CTAs) that encourage users to take the next step, such as signing up for a free trial or contacting your team for more information on your cybersecurity services.

Design Landing Pages that Convert

Creating compelling landing pages is vital for converting PPC traffic into leads or customers. When someone clicks on your ad, they should be directed to a landing page that is tailored to their cybersecurity needs and reinforces the messaging in your ad copy.

Optimize your landing pages by:

  • Keeping the design clean and user-friendly.
  • Including a strong headline that directly addresses the user's pain points.
  • Presenting clear and concise information about your cybersecurity solutions.
  • Incorporating trust elements such as customer testimonials or security certifications to build credibility.
  • Using a clear and visible call-to-action (CTA) that guides users to take the desired action, whether it's signing up for a free trial, downloading a whitepaper, or contacting your team.
  • Implementing forms or lead capture mechanisms to collect relevant user information to follow up with them later.

Remember to consistently test and optimize your landing pages to improve conversion rates. A/B testing different elements such as headlines, images, CTA buttons, and form fields can help you identify what resonates best with your target audience.

Monitoring and Tracking Performance

It's essential to closely monitor and track the performance of your PPC campaigns to identify areas of improvement and make data-driven decisions. Here are some key performance metrics to monitor:

  1. Click-through rate (CTR): The percentage of users who clicked on your ad. A higher CTR indicates that your ad is engaging and relevant to your target audience.
  2. Conversion rate: The percentage of users who completed a desired action, such as making a purchase or submitting a contact form. A higher conversion rate indicates that your ad and landing page are effectively persuading users to take the desired action.
  3. Cost per click (CPC): The amount you pay each time a user clicks on your ad. Monitoring your CPC helps you manage your budget and assess the effectiveness of your ad targeting.
  4. Return on investment (ROI): Measure the return on your investment by comparing the revenue generated from your PPC campaigns to the cost of running those campaigns. This metric helps you understand the profitability of your PPC efforts.
  5. Quality score: Search engines assign a quality score to your ads based on factors like click-through rate, ad relevance, and landing page experience. A higher quality score can improve your ad rankings and lower your cost per click.

In conclusion, PPC advertising can be a highly effective strategy for promoting cybersecurity services and products. By setting clear objectives, conducting thorough research, and implementing targeted campaigns, you can maximize the benefits of PPC for cybersecurity while optimizing your budget. Remember to continuously monitor and optimize your campaigns to achieve the best results. With the right approach, PPC can significantly contribute to your cybersecurity marketing efforts and help you reach your business goals.

Antoaneta Grigorova

Head of PPC

I use different online advertising platforms to help companies get their products& services in front of the right people at the right time and place.

https://www.linkedin.com/in/antoaneta-grigorova/